Experiments with citric acid at home. Fun experiences for little fidgets! We use food

Emotions received in childhood are the most vivid and unforgettable, so I always try to give my kids as much time as possible, walking in parks, visiting puppet theaters, dolphinariums and other places. But, such events, if organized almost daily, require a lot of time and effort, which is very problematic to find when you have two small children. Therefore, you have to look for other ways to entertain the kids and provide them with a little magic at home or on the playground. Experiments with soda were a real find for me, and for children an amazing holiday.

Until recently, I did not even suspect that experiments with soda, vinegar, citric acid, as well as others simple ingredients will create an incredible experience for children. To date, my collection of easy experiments includes more than 15 different options. With the most interesting tricks that every child will be interested in, I want to introduce modern mothers. I am sure that they are also looking for ways to entertain the baby with something interesting and exciting.

So, we begin our acquaintance with the most attractive experiences, the first of which will be a favorite children's entertainment.

Many people know that kinetic sand provides an opportunity to create a wide variety of figures, build beautiful towers and other structures. In order not to acquire an expensive mass, you can take a few minutes and prepare this composition with the children, and then make the desired masterpiece.

To create kinetic sand from soda, you will need:

• detergent for dishes;
• baking soda;
• spoon and bowl.

coca cola and soda

The soda experience, which delights not only children but also adults, requires three simple components:

• bicarbonate of soda;
• a small piece (about 7-8 cm) of a plastic pipe, the diameter of which will allow it to be inserted into the neck of the bottle;
• drink "Coca-Cola" - 2 liters.

This experience will allow you to get an amazing fountain, the height of which can reach a 2-meter mark, so it is better to experiment outside.

Before you can enjoy the splendor of the spray jet, you will need to make a cut in a piece of pipe (cut not completely). When installed on the neck of the bottle, this cut should be at a distance of 5-6 cm from the bottom of the part. This is done so that the full volume of soda immediately enters the contents of the container. A piece of paper is inserted into the incision to hold the soda in the pipe. As soon as the required amount of powder is filled up (about 2 tsp), the soda “holder” can be pulled out. When the dry matter is combined with Cola, a powerful reaction will occur, and the brown drink will rush to the sky.

How to make a soda bomb

Household life hacks with soda are known to a wise housewife, but many do not even suspect that this powder can be used to play with children by making water bombs with their own hands. The recipe for this entertainment is very simple:

1. Pour soda powder into a deep container;
2. Add gouache of the desired color;
3. Pour in a small amount of water to get a fairly thick mass;
4. Make a soda bomb the size of a tennis ball;
5. Leave the finished product to dry for a day.

After the specified time, prepare a solution of citric acid in a bowl (it should be very weak), and invite the baby to throw a bomb into the liquid. He will be happy to throw small balls into a container and watch the “revive” water, captivating with its long seething.

A very interesting solution would be to use such bombs in "contact" with another liquid. Pour 1 tsp into a glass. citric acid and add a small amount of sparkles there. Pour the contents with water, then "enrich" the solution vegetable oil(3-4 tablespoons).

Now you can prepare for the appearance of a miracle and dip the soda ball into the composition. Flying drops of oil and glitter will impress not only your child, but also you.

Rocket on vinegar and soda

Opening a bottle of champagne, each of us does it with the utmost care, knowing that the cork can easily “break out” and rush to the ceiling. The explanation for this is very simple. A huge number of bubbles, "born" as a result of fermentation, are in a hurry to break out. A similar situation can be created at home and launch a rocket. This experiment is somewhat reminiscent of the previously mentioned one, where soda and Coca-Cola were used.

When the rocket is launched, sodium bicarbonate will interact with vinegar. This chemistry experiment requires you to do the following:

1. Match the "rocket model" to match the neck of the bottle. The selected cork option should fit snugly into the neck without falling into the container. This cork can be modified to look like a rocket to make it more interesting for the child;
2. Fill a glass container with table vinegar (should take up 1/3 of the container);
3. Take a small piece of toilet paper and place 1-2 tsp there. soda, then carefully wrap;
4. Immerse the prepared bundle in a bottle, cork with a prepared cork.

All you need to do is shake the bottle lightly and point it upwards. The launch of the rocket will be without delay.

What rocket will turn out - look at the video.

Soda smoke bomb

Soda smoke will become interesting experiment. This is a color option that is guaranteed to make a lasting impression.

You will need the following components:

• granulated sugar - 40 g;
• sodium bicarbonate - 1.2 tsp;
• potassium nitrate - 60 g;
• dye of the desired color shade - 3 tsp

Mix sugar with saltpeter in a container and put on a very low fire. The heated components should be stirred continuously, making sure that the mixture does not burn. As soon as the composition turns into a homogeneous mass and acquires a golden hue, you should add baking soda, and after a few minutes pour in the dye. Without removing the container from the fire, and stirring, you should wait for the reaction to appear. As soon as foam forms, the flue is ready. It should be removed from the fire and cooled. Place the mixture at room temperature in a toilet paper or paper towel tube. We insert the wick, and the product is ready for use.

Smoke bomb made of saltpeter and flour

A smoke bomb is one of the entertainments that attracts not only boys, but also girls. Using flour and baking soda, you can create a chimney that will not disappoint with its effect.

To prepare a smoke bomb, you need to take:

• wheat flour - 100 g;
• potassium nitrate (nitrate) - 100 g.
• toilet paper or old newspaper.

In addition, you will need a container for mixing the components and a container for creating the checkers themselves. Many have managed to make them from empty deodorant bottles, but personally I did not succeed. I used cardboard tubes left over from paper towels (I think you can also take from under foil, baking sleeves, etc.), clogging one of the sides.

You need to prepare a mixture of flour and potassium. To maximize smoke emission, you should first grind potassium nitrate in a separate container. Immerse the resulting mixture into the space of the container, and insert a filter into the middle of the mass (it can be a fireplace or hunting match).

Lighting the wick should be done with extreme caution as you may burn your fingers.

By conducting experiments with soda, you can not only have a good time with your child, but also open up a huge educational world of chemistry for him. The result of each experiment will raise many questions, hypotheses and assumptions, thanks to which the children will slowly plunge into the world of knowledge.

Whichever of the experiments you decide to conduct, remember the precautions and safety measures, especially if there are children nearby. Make sure that when in contact with soda compounds and other substances, they do not rub their eyes and do not pull their “inventions” into their mouths. Soda, in combination with the other components mentioned, can give many pleasant moments, but negative ones are also possible, so experiments should be carried out with extreme caution.

Light a light bulb with... a lemon!

Complexity:

Danger:

Do this experiment at home

Security

Before starting the experiment, put on protective gloves and goggles.

Do the experiment on a tray.

General safety rules

• Avoid getting chemicals in your eyes or mouth.
• Do not allow people without goggles, as well as small children and animals, to the experiment site.
• Keep the experimental kit out of the reach of children under 12 years of age.
• Wash or clean all equipment and accessories after use.
• Make sure all reagent containers are tightly closed and properly stored after use.
• Make sure all disposable containers are properly disposed of.
• Use only the equipment and reagents supplied in the kit or recommended in the current instructions.
• If you have used a food container or experiment utensils, discard them immediately. They are no longer suitable for food storage.

First Aid Information

• If reagents come into contact with eyes, rinse eyes thoroughly with water, keeping eyes open if necessary. Seek immediate medical attention.
• If swallowed, rinse mouth with water, drink some clean water. Don't induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical attention.
• In case of inhalation of reagents, remove the victim to fresh air.
• In case of skin contact or burns, flush the affected area with plenty of water for 10 minutes or longer.
• If in doubt, consult a doctor immediately. Take a chemical reagent and a container from it with you.
• In case of injury, always consult a doctor.

• Improper use of chemicals can cause injury and damage to health. Carry out only the experiments specified in the instructions.
• This set of experiments is intended only for children 12 years of age and older.
• The abilities of children differ significantly even within an age group. Therefore, parents conducting experiments with their children should decide at their own discretion which experiments are suitable for their children and will be safe for them.
• Parents should discuss safety rules with their child or children before experimenting. Particular attention must be paid to the safe handling of acids, alkalis and flammable liquids.
• Before starting experiments, clear the place of experiments from objects that may interfere with you. Storage should be avoided food products close to the experiment site. The test site should be well ventilated and close to a faucet or other source of water. For experiments, you need a stable table.
• Substances in disposable packaging should be used completely or disposed of after one experiment, i.e. after opening the package.

Frequently asked Questions

The LED is off. What to do?

First, make sure that the plates in the lemon do not touch each other.

Secondly, check the quality of the connection of crocodiles with metal plates.

Thirdly, make sure that the LED is connected correctly: the black crocodile is attached to the short “leg”, the red one to the long one. In this case, the crocodiles should not touch the other “leg”, otherwise the circuit will close!

The juice near the magnesium plate sizzles. This is fine?

Things are good. Magnesium is an active metal and reacts with citric acid to form magnesium citrate and release hydrogen.

Other experiments

Step-by-step instruction

1. Take 2 magnesium plates from the jar labeled "Mg".
2. Prepare 2 crocodile clips: 1 black and 1 white. Connect the magnesium plates to the black and white crocodiles.
3. Take 2 copper plates from the jar labeled "Cu".
4. Connect the copper plate to the free end of the white alligator. Connect the copper plate to the red crocodile.
5. Cut the lemon in half. Insert copper and magnesium plates into one half of the lemon at a small distance from each other (about 1 cm). Repeat with the other two slices, using the other half of the lemon. Make sure the plates are not touching.
6. Take the LED. Connect the free end of the red crocodile to the long leg of the LED. Connect the free end of the black crocodile to the short leg of the LED. The LED will light up!

Disposal

Dispose of the solid waste of the experiment with household waste. Drain the solutions into the sink and then rinse thoroughly with water.

What happened

Why does the diode start to glow?

Under the conditions of the experiment, a chemical reaction occurs: electrons from magnesium Mg are transferred to copper Cu. This movement of electrons is an electric current. Passing through the LED, it causes it to glow. Thus, the installation assembled in this experiment acts as a battery - a chemical source of current.

To learn more

The participants in this experiment - copper Cu and magnesium Mg - are very similar. Both are metals. This means that they are quite malleable, shiny, conduct electricity and heat well. All these properties are consequences of the internal structure of metals. It can be thought of as positive ions arranged in a certain order, which are held together with the help of electrons common to the entire piece of metal. It is because of this commonality that electrons can “walk” throughout the entire volume of the metal.

Despite the common motifs in the structure, copper and magnesium differ from each other. The total "pack" of electrons is held in a piece of copper more strongly than in the case of magnesium. Therefore, purely theoretically, we can imagine a process in which electrons from magnesium "run away" to copper. However, this will lead to an increase in charges: positive in magnesium and negative in copper. This cannot continue for a long time: due to mutual repulsion, it will be unprofitable for negatively charged electrons to move further into copper. The charge is thus collected at the contact surface of two different metals.

Curiously, the degree of electron transfer from one metal to another depends on temperature. This connection is used in electronic devices that measure temperature. The simplest such device that uses this effect is thermocouple. Now the use of thermocouples is ubiquitous, and they are the basis of electronic thermometers.

Let's go back to our experience. In order for electrons to constantly run from magnesium to copper, and the process itself to become irreversible, it is necessary to remove the positive charge from magnesium and the negative charge from copper. This is where lemon comes into play. It is important what kind of environment it creates for the copper and magnesium plates stuck into it. Everyone knows that lemon has a sour taste mainly due to the citric acid contained in it. Naturally, there is also water in it. A solution of citric acid is capable of conducting electricity: when it dissociates, positively charged hydrogen ions H + and a negatively charged citric acid residue appear. Such an environment is ideal for removing the positive charge from magnesium and the negative charge from copper. The first process is quite simple: positively charged magnesium ions Mg 2+ pass from the surface of the magnesium plate into a solution (lemon juice):

Mg 0 - 2e - → Mg 2+ solution

The second process takes place on a copper plate. Since a negative charge accumulates on it, this attracts hydrogen ions H +. They are able to take electrons from a copper plate, turning first into H atoms, and then almost immediately into H 2 molecules, which fly away:

2H + + 2e - → H 2

Why can't you get by with just one copper-magnesium pair?

The closest analogue of the "copper plate - lemon - magnesium plate" system is an ordinary finger battery. It works on the same principle: the chemical reactions occurring inside it lead to the emergence of a current of electrons, that is, electricity. You probably noticed that in some devices, finger-type batteries are arranged in a row (that is, the negative pole of one is in contact with the positive pole of the other). More often they do this not directly, but through wires or small metal plates. But the essence remains the same - this is necessary to increase the force that acts on the electrons, which means to increase the current strength.

Similarly, a copper plate in one piece of lemon is connected to a magnesium plate in another. If you connect a diode with only one copper-magnesium pair, it will not glow, but using two pairs leads to the desired result.

To learn more

To describe the force that makes charges move, that is, leads to the appearance of electricity, use the concept voltage. For example, any battery indicates the voltage value that it can create in a device or conductor connected to it.

The voltage that one magnesium-copper pair creates is not enough for this experiment, but two pairs are already enough.

Why do we use copper and magnesium? Is it possible to take some other pair of metals?

All metals have different ability to hold electrons. This allows them to be arranged in the so-called electrochemical series. Metals that are to the left of this row retain electrons worse, and those to the right are better. In our experience, the electric current arises precisely from the difference between copper and magnesium in their ability to hold electrons. In the electrochemical series, copper is much to the right of magnesium.

We may well take the other two metals, it is only necessary that there be a sufficient difference between their desire to keep electrons with them. For example, in this experiment, silver Ag can be used instead of copper, and zinc Zn can be used instead of magnesium.

However, we chose magnesium and copper. Why?

Firstly, they are very affordable, unlike the same silver. Secondly, magnesium is a metal that simultaneously combines sufficient activity and stability. Like alkali metals - sodium Na, potassium K and lithium Li - it is easily oxidized, that is, it gives up electrons. On the other hand, the surface of magnesium is covered with a thin film of its oxide MgO, which is not destroyed when heated up to 600 o C. It protects the metal from further oxidation in air, which makes it very convenient to use in practice.

What other fruits and vegetables can be used instead of lemon?

Many fruits and vegetables will be suitable for this experience. It is enough that they have juicy pulp. For example, instead of lemon, you can take an apple, banana, tomato or potato. Even a large grape will do!

In all these vegetables, fruits and berries there is enough water, as well as substances that dissociate (decompose into charged particles - ions) in water. Therefore, electric current can also flow in them!

What is a diode and how is it arranged?

Diodes are small devices capable of passing an electric current through themselves and performing some kind of useful work. In this case, we are talking about an LED - when an electric current is passed, it glows.

All modern diodes are based on a semiconductor - a special material whose electrical conductivity is not very high, but can grow, for example, when heated. What is electrical conductivity? This is the ability of a material to conduct an electric current through itself.

Unlike a simple piece of semiconductor, any diode contains two of its "grades". The very name "diode" (from the Greek "δίς") means that it contains two elements - they are usually called anode and cathode.

The anode of a diode consists of a semiconductor containing so-called "holes" - areas that can be filled with electrons (actually empty shelves especially for electrons). These "shelves" can move quite freely throughout the anode. The cathode of the diode also consists of a semiconductor, but a different one. It contains electrons, which can also move relatively freely through it.

It turns out that such a composition of the diode allows electrons to easily move through the diode in one direction, but practically does not allow them to move in the opposite direction. When electrons move from the cathode to the anode, at the boundary between them there is a meeting of "free" electrons in the cathode and electron vacancies (shelves) in the anode. Electrons gladly occupy these vacancies, and the current moves on.

Imagine that the electrons are moving in the opposite direction - they need to get off the cozy shelves into the material where these shelves are not! Obviously, this is not beneficial for them and the current will not go in this direction.

So any diode can act as a sort of valve for electricity to flow through it one way but not the other. It is this property of diodes that made it possible to use them as the basis for computer technology - any computer, smartphone, laptop or tablet contains a processor based on millions of microscopic diodes.

LEDs, of course, have another application - in lighting and indication. The very fact of the appearance of light is associated with a special selection of semiconductor materials that make up the diode. In some cases, the same transition of electrons from the cathode to anode vacancies is accompanied by the release of light. In the cases of different semiconductors, the glow of different colors occurs. Important advantages of diodes over other electric light sources are their safety and high efficiency - the degree of conversion of electric current energy into light.

Helpful Hints

Children are always trying to find out something new every day and they always have a lot of questions.

They can explain some phenomena, or you can show how this or that thing, this or that phenomenon works.

In these experiments, children not only learn something new, but also learn create differentcrafts with which they can play further.

1. Experiments for children: lemon volcano

You will need:

2 lemons (for 1 volcano)

Baking soda

Food coloring or watercolors

Dishwashing liquid

Wooden stick or spoon (optional)

1. Cut off the bottom of the lemon so that it can be placed on flat surface.

2. On the reverse side, cut a piece of lemon as shown in the image.

* You can cut half a lemon and make an open volcano.

3. Take the second lemon, cut it in half and squeeze the juice out of it into a cup. This will be the backup lemon juice.

4. Place the first lemon (with the part cut out) on the tray and spoon "remember" the lemon inside to squeeze out some of the juice. It is important that the juice is inside the lemon.

5. Add food coloring or watercolor to the inside of the lemon, but do not stir.

6. Pour dishwashing liquid inside the lemon.

7. Add a full tablespoon of baking soda to the lemon. The reaction will start. With a stick or spoon, you can stir everything inside the lemon - the volcano will begin to foam.

8. To make the reaction last longer, you can gradually add more soda, dyes, soap and reserve lemon juice.

2. Home experiments for children: electric eels from chewing worms

You will need:

2 glasses

small capacity

4-6 chewable worms

3 tablespoons of baking soda

1/2 spoon of vinegar

1 cup water

Scissors, kitchen or clerical knife.

1. With scissors or a knife, cut lengthwise (just lengthwise - this will not be easy, but be patient) of each worm into 4 (or more) parts.

* The smaller the piece, the better.

* If scissors don't want to cut properly, try washing them with soap and water.

2. Mix water and baking soda in a glass.

3. Add pieces of worms to the solution of water and soda and stir.

4. Leave the worms in the solution for 10-15 minutes.

5. Using a fork, transfer the worm pieces to a small plate.

6. Pour half a spoon of vinegar into an empty glass and start putting worms in it one by one.

* The experiment can be repeated if the worms are washed with plain water. After a few attempts, your worms will begin to dissolve, and then you will have to cut a new batch.

3. Experiments and experiments: a rainbow on paper or how light is reflected on a flat surface

You will need:

bowl of water

Clear nail polish

Small pieces of black paper.

1. Add 1-2 drops of clear nail polish to a bowl of water. See how the varnish disperses through the water.

2. Quickly (after 10 seconds) dip a piece of black paper into the bowl. Take it out and let it dry on a paper towel.

3. After the paper has dried (it happens quickly) start turning the paper and look at the rainbow that is displayed on it.

* To better see the rainbow on paper, look at it under the sun's rays.

4. Experiments at home: a rain cloud in a jar

When small drops of water accumulate in a cloud, they become heavier and heavier. As a result, they will reach such a weight that they can no longer remain in the air and will begin to fall to the ground - this is how rain appears.

This phenomenon can be shown to children with simple materials.

You will need:

Shaving foam

Food coloring.

1. Fill the jar with water.

2. Apply shaving foam on top - it will be a cloud.

3. Let the child begin to drip food coloring onto the "cloud" until it starts to "rain" - drops of food coloring begin to fall to the bottom of the jar.

During the experiment, explain this phenomenon to the child.

You will need:

warm water

Sunflower oil

4 food coloring

1. Fill the jar 3/4 full with warm water.

2. Take a bowl and mix 3-4 tablespoons of oil and a few drops of food coloring in it. In this example, 1 drop of each of 4 dyes was used - red, yellow, blue and green.

3. Stir the dyes and oil with a fork.

4. Carefully pour the mixture into a jar of warm water.

5. Watch what happens - the food coloring will begin to slowly sink through the oil into the water, after which each drop will begin to disperse and mix with other drops.

* Food coloring dissolves in water, but not in oil, because. The density of oil is less than water (which is why it "floats" on water). A drop of dye is heavier than oil, so it will begin to sink until it reaches the water, where it begins to disperse and look like a small firework.

6. Interesting experiences: ina bowl in which colors merge

You will need:

- a printout of the wheel (or you can cut out your own wheel and draw all the colors of the rainbow on it)

Elastic band or thick thread

Glue stick

Scissors

A skewer or screwdriver (to make holes in the paper wheel).

1. Choose and print the two templates you want to use.

2. Take a piece of cardboard and use a glue stick to glue one template to the cardboard.

3. Cut out the glued circle from the cardboard.

4. Glue the second template to the back of the cardboard circle.

5. Use a skewer or screwdriver to make two holes in the circle.

6. Pass the thread through the holes and tie the ends into a knot.

Now you can spin your spinning top and watch how the colors merge on the circles.

7. Experiments for children at home: jellyfish in a jar

You will need:

Small transparent plastic bag

Transparent plastic bottle

Food coloring

Scissors.

1. Lay the plastic bag on a flat surface and smooth it out.

2. Cut off the bottom and handles of the bag.

3. Cut the bag lengthwise on the right and left so that you have two sheets of polyethylene. You will need one sheet.

4. Find the center of the plastic sheet and fold it like a ball to make a jellyfish head. Tie the thread around the "neck" of the jellyfish, but not too tight - you need to leave a small hole through which to pour water into the head of the jellyfish.

5. There is a head, now let's move on to the tentacles. Make cuts in the sheet - from the bottom to the head. You need about 8-10 tentacles.

6. Cut each tentacle into 3-4 smaller pieces.

7. Pour some water into the jellyfish's head, leaving room for air so the jellyfish can "float" in the bottle.

8. Fill the bottle with water and put your jellyfish in it.

9. Drop a couple of drops of blue or green food coloring.

* Close the lid tightly so that water does not spill out.

* Have the children turn the bottle over and watch the jellyfish swim in it.

8. Chemical experiments: magic crystals in a glass

You will need:

Glass cup or bowl

plastic bowl

1 cup Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) - used in bath salts

1 cup hot water

Food coloring.

1. Pour Epsom salt into a bowl and add hot water. You can add a couple of drops of food coloring to the bowl.

2. Stir the contents of the bowl for 1-2 minutes. Most of the salt granules should dissolve.

3. Pour the solution into a glass or glass and place it in the freezer for 10-15 minutes. Don't worry, the solution isn't hot enough to crack the glass.

4. After freezing, move the solution to the main compartment of the refrigerator, preferably on the top shelf and leave overnight.

The growth of crystals will be noticeable only after a few hours, but it is better to wait out the night.

This is what the crystals look like the next day. Remember that crystals are very fragile. If you touch them, they are most likely to break or crumble immediately.

9. Experiments for children (video): soap cube

10. Chemical experiments for children (video): how to make a lava lamp with your own hands

Who didn't believe in miracles as a child? To have fun and informative time with your baby, you can try to carry out experiments from entertaining chemistry. They are safe, interesting and educational. These experiments will answer many children's "why" and arouse interest in science and knowledge of the world. And today I want to tell you what experiments for children at home can be organized by parents.

pharaoh snake

This experiment is based on increasing the volume of the mixed reagents. In the process of burning, they transform and, wriggling, resemble a snake. The experiment got its name thanks to the biblical miracle, when Moses, who came to the pharaoh with a request, turned his rod into a snake.

Experience will require the following ingredients:

• ordinary sand;
• ethanol;
• crushed sugar;
• baking soda.

We impregnate the sand with alcohol, after that we form a small hill out of it and make a recess at the top. Then mix with a small spoon powdered sugar and a pinch of soda, then we fall asleep everything in an impromptu "crater". We set fire to our volcano, the alcohol in the sand begins to burn out, and black balls form. They are a decomposition product of soda and caramelized sugar.

After all the alcohol has burned out, the sand slide will turn black and a writhing "black pharaoh's snake" will form. This experience looks more impressive with the use of real reagents and strong acids, which can only be used in a chemical laboratory.

You can do it a little easier and buy a calcium gluconate tablet at the pharmacy. Set it on fire at home, the effect will be almost the same, only the “snake” will quickly collapse.

Magic lamp

In stores, you can often see lamps, inside which a beautiful illuminated liquid moves and shimmers. Such lamps were invented in the early 60s. They work on the basis of paraffin and oil. At the bottom of the device is a built-in conventional incandescent lamp that heats the descending molten wax. Part of it reaches the top and falls, the other part heats up and rises, so we see a kind of “dance” of paraffin inside the container.

In order to carry out a similar experience at home with a child, we need:

• any juice;
• vegetable oil;
• tablets - pops;
• beautiful container.

We take a container and fill it with juice more than half. Add vegetable oil on top and throw a pop-up tablet there. It begins to "work", the bubbles rising from the bottom of the glass capture the juice in themselves and form a beautiful seething in the oil layer. Then the bubbles that reach the edge of the glass burst, and the juice falls down. It turns out a kind of "cycle" of juice in a glass. Such magic lamps are absolutely harmless, unlike paraffin lamps, which a child can accidentally break and burn himself.

Balloon and Orange: An Experience for Toddlers

What will happen to a balloon if you drop orange or lemon juice on it? It will burst as soon as drops of citrus touch it. And then you can eat an orange with your baby. It's very entertaining and fun. For the experience, we need a couple of balloons and citrus. We inflate them and let the baby drip fruit juice on each and see what happens.

Why does the ball burst? It's all about a special chemical - limonene. It is found in citrus fruits and is often used in the cosmetics industry. When the juice comes into contact with the rubber of the balloon, a reaction occurs, limonene dissolves the rubber and the balloon bursts.

sweet glass

Amazing things can be made from caramelized sugar. In the early days of cinema, most fight scenes used this edible sweet glass. This is because it is less traumatic for actors during filming and is inexpensive. Its fragments can then be collected, melted down and made into props for the film.

Many in childhood made sugar cockerels or fudge, glass should be made according to the same principle. Pour water into a saucepan, heat a little, the water should not be cold. After that, pour sugar into it and bring to a boil. When the liquid boils, cook until the mass begins to gradually thicken and bubble strongly. The melted sugar in the container should turn into a viscous caramel, which, if lowered into cold water turns into glass.

Pour the prepared liquid onto a baking sheet previously prepared and greased with vegetable oil, cool and the sweet glass is ready.

During the cooking process, you can add dye to it and pour it into some interesting shape, and then treat and surprise everyone around.

Philosopher's nail

This entertaining experience is based on the principle of iron coppering. Named by analogy with a substance that, according to legend, could turn everything into gold, and was called the philosopher's stone. To conduct the experiment, we will need:

• iron nail;
• a fourth of a glass of acetic acid;
• edible salt;
• soda;
• a piece of copper wire;
• glass container.

We take a glass jar and pour acid, salt into it and stir well. Be careful, vinegar has a strong unpleasant odor. It can burn the baby's delicate airways. Then we put the copper wire into the resulting solution for 10-15 minutes, after a while we lower the iron nail previously cleaned with soda into the solution. After some time, we can see that a copper coating has appeared on it, and the wire has become shiny as new. How could this happen?

Copper reacts with acetic acid, a copper salt is formed, then copper ions on the surface of the nail change places with iron ions and form a plaque on its surface. And the concentration of iron salts increases in the solution.

Copper coins are not suitable for the experiment, since this metal itself is very soft, and to make the money stronger, its alloys with brass and aluminum are used.

Copper products do not rust over time, they are covered with a special green coating - patina, which prevents it from further corrosion.

DIY soap bubbles

Who didn't love blowing bubbles as a child? How beautifully they shimmer and burst merrily. You can just buy them at the store, but it will be much more interesting to create your own solution with your child and then blow bubbles.

It should be said right away that the usual mixture of laundry soap and water will not work. It produces bubbles that quickly disappear and are poorly blown. Most affordable way to prepare such a substance, mix two glasses of water with a glass of dish detergent. If sugar is added to the solution, then the bubbles become stronger. They will fly for a long time and will not burst. And the huge bubbles that can be seen on stage with professional artists are obtained by mixing glycerin, water and detergent.

For beauty and mood, you can mix food paint into the solution. Then the bubbles will glow beautifully in the sun. You can create several different solutions and take turns using them with your child. It is interesting to experiment with color, and create your own, new shade soap bubbles.

You can also try mixing the soap solution with other substances and see how they affect the blisters. Maybe you will invent and patent some new kind of your own.

Spy ink

These legendary invisible ink. What are they made from? Now there are so many films about spies and interesting intellectual investigations. You can invite your child to play a little secret agents.

The meaning of such ink is that they cannot be seen on paper with the naked eye. Only by applying a special effect, for example, heating or chemical reagents, can a secret message be seen. Unfortunately, most recipes for making them are ineffective and such ink leaves marks.

We will make special ones that are difficult to see without special detection. For this you will need:

• water;
• the spoon;
• baking soda;
• any source of heat;
• stick with cotton at the end.

Pour warm liquid into any container, then, while stirring, pour baking soda into it until it stops dissolving, i.e. the mixture will reach a high concentration. We put a stick with cotton on the end there and write something on paper with it. Let's wait until it dries, then bring the leaf to a lit candle or gas stove. After a while, you can see how the yellow letters of the written word appear on the paper. Make sure that during the development of the letters the leaf does not catch fire.

Fireproof money

This is a well-known and old experiment. For it you will need:

• water;
• alcohol;
• salt.

Take a deep glass container and pour water into it, then add alcohol and salt, stir well so that all the ingredients are dissolved. For ignition, you can take ordinary pieces of paper, if you don’t mind, then you can take a bill. Just take a small denomination, otherwise something may go wrong in the experience and the money will be spoiled.

Put strips of paper or money in a water-salt solution, after a while they can be removed from the liquid and set on fire. You can see that the flame covers the entire banknote, but it does not light up. This effect is explained by the fact that the alcohol in the solution evaporates, and the wet paper itself does not light up.

wish fulfilling stone

The process of growing crystals is very exciting, but time consuming. However, what you get as a result will be worth the time spent. The most popular is the creation of crystals from table salt or sugar.

Consider growing a "wish stone" from refined sugar. For this you will need:

• drinking water;
• granulated sugar;
• paper sheet;
• thin wooden stick;
• small container and glass.

Let's make a preparation first. To do this, we need to prepare a sugar mixture. Pour some water and sugar into a small container. We wait until the mixture boils, and boil until a syrupy state is formed. Then we lower the wooden stick there and sprinkle it with sugar, you need to do this evenly, in this case the resulting crystal will become more beautiful and even. Leave the base for the crystal overnight to dry and harden.

Let's prepare the syrup solution. Pour water into a large container and fall asleep, slowly stirring, sugar there. Then, when the mixture boils, boil it to the state of a viscous syrup. Remove from fire and let cool.

Cut out circles from paper and attach them to the end of a wooden stick. It will become a lid on which a wand with crystals is attached. We fill the glass with a solution and lower the workpiece there. We wait for a week, and the "stone of desires" is ready. If you put a dye in the syrup when cooking, it will turn out even more beautiful.

The process of creating crystals from salt is somewhat simpler. Here it will only be necessary to monitor the mixture and periodically change it in order to increase the concentration.

First of all, we create a blank. Pour warm water into a glass container, and gradually stir, pour salt until it stops dissolving. We leave the container for a day. After this time, you can find many small crystals in the glass, choose the largest one and tie it to a thread. Make a new salt solution and put a crystal there, it must not touch the bottom or the edges of the glass. This can lead to unwanted deformations.

After a couple of days, you can see that he has grown. The more often you change the mixture, increasing the concentration of salt content, the faster you can grow your wish stone.

glowing tomato

This experiment must be carried out strictly under the supervision of adults, since harmful substances are used for its implementation. The glowing tomato that will be created during this experiment is strictly forbidden to eat, it can lead to death or severe poisoning. We will need:

• ordinary tomato;
• syringe;
• sulfuric matter from matches;
• bleach;
• hydrogen peroxide.

We take a small container, put the previously prepared match sulfur there and pour in the bleach. We leave all this for a while, after which we collect the mixture into a syringe and inject it into the tomato from different sides, so that it glows evenly. To start the chemical process, hydrogen peroxide is needed, which we introduce through the trace from the petiole from above. We turn off the light in the room, and we can enjoy the process.

Egg in Vinegar: A Very Simple Experience

This is a simple and interesting ordinary acetic acid. For its implementation, you will need boiled egg and vinegar. Take a transparent glass container and lower the egg in the shell into it, then fill it to the top with acetic acid. You can see how bubbles rise from its surface, this is a chemical reaction. After three days, we can observe that the shell has become soft, and the egg is elastic, like a ball. If you point a flashlight at it, you can see that it glows. Conduct an experiment with raw egg not recommended, as the soft shell may break when squeezed.

Do-it-yourself slime from PVA

This is a fairly common strange toy of our childhood. Currently, it is quite difficult to find it. Let's try to make slime at home. Its classic color is green, but you can use whatever you like. Try mixing several shades and create your own unique color.

For the experiment we need:

• glass jar;
• several small glasses;
• dye;
• PVA glue;
• regular starch.

Let's prepare three identical glasses with solutions that we will mix. Pour PVA glue into the first, water into the second, and starch into the third. First, pour water into the jar, then add glue and dye, mix everything thoroughly and then add starch. The mixture must be quickly mixed so that it does not thicken, and you can play with the finished slime.

How to quickly inflate a balloon

Soon the holiday and you need to inflate a lot of balloons? What to do? This unusual experience will help to facilitate the task. For him, we need a rubber ball, acetic acid and ordinary soda. It must be carried out carefully in the presence of adults.

Pour a pinch of baking soda into balloon and put it on the neck of a bottle of acetic acid so that the soda does not spill out, straighten the ball and let its contents fall into the vinegar. You will see how the chemical reaction will take place, it will begin to foam, releasing carbon dioxide and inflating the balloon.

That's all for today. Do not forget that it is better to conduct experiments for children at home under supervision, it will be both safer and more interesting. See you soon!

Lemon contains a considerable amount of chemicals, for example, citric acid, as well as limonene. It is these components that will take part in the experiments.

Inflate a balloon with a lemon

In order to implement this, you need to prepare:

• 3 tablespoons of vinegar
• One teaspoon of soda
• A little lemon juice

In addition, you need to prepare a bottle and a glass of glass, a funnel, some electrical tape, and a balloon.

Initially, you need to dissolve all the prepared soda in water, and also pour this composition into a bottle. In the container, add mixed vinegar with lemon juice. After that, we quickly place a ball on the neck of the bottle, and also fix everything with electrical tape.

As a result, a reaction takes place, as a result of which a considerable amount of carbon dioxide is formed. That is enough to inflate the balloon.

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Launching a Rocket with a Lemon

This will require soda, a little citric acid, as well as a wine cork, toilet paper, colored paper and a glass bottle.

Initially, we design a rocket. We attach stabilizers prepared from colored paper on both sides to the wine cork. We put a few tablespoons of citric acid in a glass of water, then pour it all into a bottle.

Pour a teaspoon of soda into the prepared paper. We put the prepared package in a bottle, and also cover it with a cork. A minimum of time will pass, after which the constructed rocket will leave the bottle.

In this case, carbon dioxide pushes the rocket out of the bottle.

lemon volcano

For these purposes, you will need a plastic pallet or a plate with wide edges, soda, and also a lemon.

Lemon should be divided into two equal parts. One is required to obtain juice. From the second half, you need to carefully remove the top, and also prepare a kind of vent inside, into which soda will be placed. As a result, bubbles will begin to appear.

In order to be able to continue to observe this reaction, you need to add a little juice and add soda. In order to enhance the reaction, you can add a soapy solution and a variety of shades food colorings. Sure, you can use your imagination to upgrade the experience.

invisible lemon ink

For these purposes, you will need a glass (or cup) of water, half a lemon, and a cotton swab. In a cup you need to place in equal parts water, as well as lemon juice.

You need to dip a cotton swab into the solution, and also write the necessary words on the sheet. As soon as everything dries, they will become invisible. In order to see everything, you need to heat the sheet with an incandescent lamp. All words can be easily seen.

lemon batteries

With the help of this fruit, you can also get a chemical current. To implement this experiment, you will need a paper clip (or a steel nail), a piece of copper wire or a coin from this raw material, an LED, as well as several wires and a lemon.

Pre-cleaned contacts must be concentrated in a lemon (distance about 3 cm). In this case, copper is used as a plus, and steel as a minus.

To obtain a higher voltage, you need to use long contacts. Next, the contacts are connected to the LED legs. In this case, special attention must be paid to polarity.